Credit Card Fraud Detection through Data Mining

Credit control board twaddle detecting through selective information MiningAbstract With the increasing sendupsters day to day, the fallacious transaction is rapidly growing olibanum making the boloneys in this scenario a matter of high importance. massive informationbase patterns argon identified by various entropy mining models assisting to strengthen and see the credit account pretender. This enquiry primarily focusses on Credit taunt Fraud Detection analyzing two different methods apply to get wind fakerulent governances and implement the new tech noogies to the arranging to minimize frauds in credit billhook minutesKeywords- Data Mining, Methods, Credit Card, Fraud Detection, Hybrid Technology, Neural Network, Support Vector SystemData Mining is filled with application growth opportunities and research which ar reliable and usable from the data. Rapid development of e-commerce, usage of credit card has become well known mode for online and regular transacti ons, increasing the credit card fraud simultaneously. Fraud catching is a complicated problem as unwanted transactions are hidden in the authoriosed transaction. Due to security reasons and in any case to gain trust of users credit card fraud signal detection has now become important to companies.Neural Networks 1, talkian Network 2, Hidden Nave Bayes Network 12, Dempster Shafer 10 are few methods to be justified in detecting the credit card fraudulent system. With the new technologies, it has now become easy for the companies and banks to detect the fraudulent system.With the growing credit card fraud problem in the industry this literature review will help us to understand and detect the techniques involved in detecting the fraudulent system. We will be describing two different approaches Neural Network and Support vector machine approach thus learning a new method to minimize the fraudulent system. This paper helps us to analyze data mining methods with respect to credit car d fraud system.A. Neural Network ApproachNeural network fraud detection method is primarily based on working of a human brain. nevertheless as the human brain is capable of learning things from the previous experiences and uses the knowledge to decide things occurring in day to day problems the same strategy is used piece detecting a credit card fraud with Neural Network system. Neural Network can reflect a small part of complexness and regulation Banks use this kind of network method to detect the credit card fraud. The moment a transaction takes place there are a set of attributes attached to it characterizing the account holder, the amount and the merchant.Considering an example, for the Mellow Bank Fraud Detection Feasibility Study a particular archived amount of data was used for model development as the authorized data wasnt easily available due to security reasons. P-RCE 3 neural network technique is used. P-RCE is used for pattern actualisation as it helps to describe wha t exactly the human brain is thinking about. P-RCE has a single cell layer which outputs a numeric response called as Fraud score. The lower the threshold the more no. of credit card fraud is notice. Higher the credit card detection threshold less no. of fraud is detected. With 2000000 transactions of Mellon Banks data from Oct-Nov 1991, nearly measuring 50 accounts per day 40% of the fraudulent transaction was observed but prior to use of P-RCE method in Mellon Banks feasibility study the result came out to be 1 fraudulent transaction per week on reviewing 750 account per day. The improvement in the fraud detection performance was undeniably considerable. The pattern recognition method can actually help the banks to reduce 20-40% (in total) credit card fraud losses.B. Support Virtual apparatus ApproachAn online transaction has four entities credit card holder, credit card, the seller and the buyer. There is an independent history of transactions with each set of entities in the d ata set. Each entity keeps almost a consistent behavior pattern in authorized transactions. The risk of a transaction can be estimated by augur the inconsistency of a transaction from the history of authorized transactions. Let us define Xe(t) a1, a2, , an) as the transactional set in the entitys history is equivalent to f(t) beingF(t) seller, buyer, holder, card) set of entities. We calculate the score of transactions, by defining l = (l1 , l19) 3 with c as value of a feature, as SC(l,e,t) = count(c,Xe(t)) The idea to calculate how near a transaction is related to past authorized transactions therefore we consider only those transactions that are proved legitimate from Xe(t).To train and test a classifier (weight and score) we have a vector in conjunction with the classification SVM (Support Vector Machines). They are essentially supervised learning models used for analyzing data and recognition of patterns. Using the traditional methods, altogether data was classified with SV M to check the impact of general weight in the outcomes and reduce SVM complexity as well. SVM classifier was used in classifying the transactions as fraud or authorized resulting in 40-50% in most months with false alarm rate 10-12%.The online credit card fraud system can be detected and improvised with the great(p) Data Technologies framework. The main aim is to achieve the goal of fusing various detection methods to enhance the accuracy. A workflow was proposed 13 containing common designs of fraudulent system thus making it easier to integrate identification of fraud system.In recent years, big data platforms were released to process and operate data including MapReduce and Apache Hadoop frameworks (open source for MapReduce). Two components are primarily considered spouts and bolts. The source of streams is referred to as spout which reads and sends tuples from external source into topology. The data processing is done by Bolt. With the reference, the paper proposes a hybrid s tructure with Big data efficient in solving challenges related to performance and integration. The basic workflow is defined 13 in the figure. QF- Quick filter, DSA Demper Shafer Adder ( unite different fraud lashings and generating a merged result), EF- Explicit filter.This workflow is designed by combining different algorithms together for a higher accuracy like two DSAs are combined so that we can aggregate their fraud score to get better accuracy 2) Another aspect can be considered by combining supervised unsupervised fraud approaches to examine a hefty cover of types of fraud 3) The filters used QF detects only the behavior of card holder whereas EF detects the historical data in the whole model. So, to achieve faster filter we can combine QF and EF as well as to get better efficiency the combination is good to go.In this paper, we have reviewed two data mining detection methods of credit card fraud. The research papers which arent considered here might have comprehensive methods to research and implementations of new detection techniques. This research paper describesThe Neural Network can be implemented in banks to reduce the credit card fraudulent system with it P-RCE algorithm. 2) Support Vector machine can detect the frauds in ecommerce system real time but isnt much reliable for complex frauds. 3) Hybrid technology framework, the workflow is essential to detect frauds in offline system as the method but can improve accuracy, performance and efficiency.To develop a credit card fraud system, the neural network method is best suited according to my understanding as it is efficient, accurate and cost effective thus implemented in Mellon Bank. Neural Network method has some failures as well but gradually with new technology it can overcome. But to develop a truehearted fraud detection system using credit card we need to combine few more complex detecting methods.References1 S. Ghosh and D. L. Reilly, Credit card fraud detection with a neural netwo rk, in System Sciences, 1994. legal proceeding of the Twenty-Seventh Hawaii International Conference on, vol. 3, Jan 1994, pp. 621-630.2 G. F. Cooper and E. Herskovits. A Bayesian Method for the summoning of Probabilistic Networks from Data. Machine Learning, 9(4)309-347, 1992.Santiago, Gabriel Preti, Adriano Pereira, and Roberto Hirata Jr. A modeling approach for credit card fraud detection in electronic payment services. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 2328-2331. ACM, 2015.Online Credit Card Fraud Detection A Hybrid Framework with Big Data Technologies You Dai-, Jin Yan-, Xiaoxin Tang-, Han Zhao and Minyi Guo- -Department of figurer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China School of Computer Science Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, ChinaPhilip K. Chan, Wei Fan, Andreas 1. Prodromidir, and Salvotore 1. Stalfo, Distributed Data Mining in Credit Card Fraud Detection 2016 IEEE TrustCom/BigDataS E/ISPAH. Michael Chung Fredric C. Gey Data Mining, Knowledge Discovery, and Information Retrieval, Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2001Agrawal, Ayushi, Shiv Kumar, and Amit Kumar Mishra. Implementation of Novel Approach for Credit Card Fraud Detection. In Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2015 2nd International Conference on, pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2015.2008 Abhinav Srivastava, Amlan Kundu, Shamik Sural and Arun K. Majumdar, CreditCard Fraud Detection Using Hidden Markov Model IEEE, proceeding on Dependable and Secure Computing, Vol. 5, No 1., January-MarchD. L. Reilly and L. N. Cooper, An overview ofneural networks early models to real worldsystems, in An Introduction to Neural and Electronic Networks, ed. S. F. Zometzer, J. L. Davis and C. Lau, 227-248, Academic Press, (1990).S. Panigrahi, A. Kundu, S. Sural, and A. Majumdar, Credit card fraud detection A fusion approach using dempstershafer theory and Bayesian learning, Information Fusion, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 354 363, 2009.Z. D. Zhao and M. s. Shang, User-based collaborative-filtering recommendation algorithms on hadoop, in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2010. WKDD 10. troika International Conference on, Jan 2010,pp. 478-481.12 Jiang, Liangxiao, Harry Zhang, and Zhihua Cai. A novel Bayes model Hidden naive Bayes. IEEE Transactions on knowledge and data engineering 21, no. 10 (2009) 1361-1371.13 Dai, You, Jin Yan, Xiaoxin Tang, Han Zhao, and Minyi Guo. Online Credit Card Fraud Detection A Hybrid Framework with Big Data Technologies. In Trustcom/BigDataSE/I SPA, 2016 IEEE, pp. 1644-1651.IEEE, 2016.

The Well Meadows Hospital Management System

The Well Meadows Hospital Management SystemThis document describes an online worry arranging for a sm all(prenominal) infirmary phoned as wellmeadows. This form creates online entropy computer storage for all the breeding related to the proceedings of the hospital and whence making the cultivation available as well as more reliable to the users. The information becomes easily recoverible as well as more secure with the trunk being secured by user credentials.The hospitals ongoing functionality is based on a register based system that involves the affirming of e very(prenominal) transaction, records of unhurrieds, doctors, c atomic number 18 fors in huge files that ar stored in hospitals store room. It is not only problematical to search for certain information only likewise very difficult to maintain historical selective information. The old files are prone to get damaged and it is very difficult to manage this huge collection of documents and keep it organized.Th e new system is based on a entropybase centering system that allows secure, easy and reliable storage of data and convalescence is as well very easy. In the old system, a user needed to k today in which register particular information is stored but in the new system a user has a graphical interface, where he arsehole merely search for the information by doing some clicks and selecting the flush options (Liang 2010). The ease in admission chargeing information not only improves the information instruction but also impacts the day to day activities of the hospital. It reduces the delay in information retrieval and the delay in providing necessary treatment to the long-sufferings as per their historic records is also reduced that leave improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the treatment (Prokosch Dudeck 1995).Intended audition and Reading SuggestionsThis document is meant for the users of the system i.e. the administrators and cater of the wellmeadows hospital. Thi s document explains the system design and its usage and not meant for external users. This document not only guides the user how to locomote the system but also tells how to use the system efficiently to match with requirements of the user and let him take the profit out of it. This document provide also wait on the developers in the situation where modifications are required in the system.Project ScopeThe project currently is restrain to the internal use of the hospital and is simply meant to store and provide utilizable information. The system doesnt generate whatsoever information or predictions of its own. The system will be helpful in better counselling of the hospital and will provide all the information in an organized manner. This project is not meant for users outside(a) the hospital and will not allow each person outside the hospital to see the internal and personal information of the people connected to the system. The system will keep the information secure and will keep it limited to people with proper(a) access only.Overall DescriptionProduct PerspectiveThis product is a change of methodology for the hospitals and firstly, it will be implemented in the Wellmeadows hospital. There are several similar systems in other big hospitals but this system is designed to meet the cost and advantage requirements of the small hospital. This product is an evolutionary product that will be improved in the future and more functionality will be added to it.Product FeaturesThe product is useful to the hospital in a number of ways as it provides following features to the hospital-Easy, storage and retrieval of all uncomplainings information that not only helps to maintain track record but also helps the doctors as they can know the treatment history of the patients.Store the entire information about doctors that allow the hospital to decide, which patient will be treated by which doctor. This product not only helps in providing better treatment to the p atients but also helps in mental synthesis trust with patients. It also helps to know about the doctors, who are preferred by patients (Sumathi Esakkirajan 2007).Storage of staffs information that helps in smooth running of the hospital.Storage of all drugs utilize in the hospital and all drugs being prescribed to the patients that allows more control all over the quality of drugs used. It also ensures uniformity among variant doctors and to maintain the stock of drugs as per their requirements (Sumathi Esakkirajan 2007).User Classes and CharacteristicsThe system will be used by internal users only and will be accessible to outside users in a limited form. Following are the users of the system Hospital receptionists The hospital receptionist will act as system administrators and will make all the entries in the system. They will gain access to all the information in system and will take control of the normal proceedings of the hospital. Receptionists will register the patien ts, allocate staff to versatile wards, give appointments to patients and will maintain the central stock of medicines and drugs.Charge Nurses The charge nurses will manipulate the information related to their specific ward and will be able to see all patients information in their ward and provide medication accordingly. They will also be able to see which staff is on duty in their ward and also will be able to see the stock of medicines in their ward.Consultants The consultants will able to see the patients information and the incline of appointments that drive been allocated to them. The will be also able to see the wards in which they are assigned duties and will also be able to prescribe medicines to their patients. uncomplainings Patients will be able to see the appointments they have in the hospital and will be able to see the medicines that have been prescribed to them from the system.Operating EnvironmentThe system will be a web based system and can be accessed within a nd outside the hospital through a link over hospitals website. The users will login the system utilize a username and war cry that will be provided to them by the system administrator and the system will be independent of the run system.Assumptions and DependenciesThe system assumes that the information being added to the system is correct and authenticated. It is also assumed that the username and give-and-take will be kept secret and will not be shared with anyone. The users will be themselves responsible for losing passwords. This system doesnt include a mailing feature and hence the user should not lose their passwords in any case. The passwords will have to be reset by the database administrator only.System FlowA data give ear diagram as its name suggests represents the string up of data in any system. There is a huge flow of data and information in any information system. This flow is analyzed with the help of data flow diagrams. information flow diagrams can be used f or visualization of data work outing. On a DFD, data items flow from an external data seed or an internal data store to an internal data store or an external data sink via an internal serve up (Calmet Pfalzgraf 1996). A data flow diagram is composed of several components Entities Entities are the sources of information in any system. These entities are the external sources of information in any system. It is very important to mention all the entities in a system. This ensures the proper flow of information in a system. These also act as external sinks for the system (Dennis, Wixom Roth 2006).Database or data store A database stores the information in any system. These act as internal data sources for a system. It stores the information from one process and provides information to other processes. It also acts as internal sinks in the system.Processes A process is a function performed by the system. Each process helps to access the information from database or an entity and p rovide the information back to the entity or database (Dennis, Wixom Roth 2006).The DFDs are represented in several levels. With increase in each level the details in the diagram also increased. Level-0 would contain minimum details, while level 1 would contain more details than level 0 and so on.This section explains flow of the system, how the system operates and its functionalities with the help of data flow diagrams. The level of details increases with each diagram. The system at the highest level is nothing but a hospital management system the inner details are not specified in the data flow diagram level-0 (Johns 2002). Here is the zero level data flow diagram (DFD level 0)The above diagram shows the four entities that will be conglomerate in the system- patients, doctors, hospital staff and nurses. These are the four main sources of information in the system.As the system is broken down into several modules, these entities match up their desired roles (Johns 2002). This bre akdown gives us the exact information about the operations performed by the system and the entities involved in each operation.(DFD level1)In the DFD level -1, the system is divided into three major domains namely patient management system, stock management system and staff management system. Patient management system is related to patients that includes two types of patients- inpatients and outpatients. Inpatients are those, which get admitted in the hospital and put up there while the outpatients take appointments and visit the hospital at given date and while (Johns 2002).The second major section of the system is stock management system. In this, the requirements of the hospital are analyzed and accomplished such as clinical and non clinical requirements like drugs, bandages and other requirements. This part also maintains the division of these items among various wards and among various departments of the hospital.The third section of the system is about the staff al localisa tion principle system that ensures that all staff is being assigned proper duties and each wards acquire proper number of employees and nurses for its daily operations and also for emergency situations. It also ensures that the consultants are visiting the wards on time and each patient is getting proper attention.External Interface RequirementsUser InterfacesThe user interface is simply a web interface, which is presented to the user through a web browser. This allows user to enter data and select from various drop down menus. These drop down menus show the content read from the database. By simply clicking to submit buttons, user can survive data into database. The user interfaces will also implement checks for null values being entered into database (Galitz 2009). It displays the format for date values to be entered, but doesnt validate them. If there is any error in entering any values to the database, the system generates the error message and asks the user to retry. This hel ps the user to be ensured that the values have been entered and hence a consistency in the system is maintained (Galitz 2009).Hardware InterfacesAs the system is a web based system, the website will be innkeepered on a central server machine with other machines getting access to it through the network. The other machines could be simple computers or especially dedicated machines that provide access only to the content. For our current implementation, we will rely on general desktop systems.Communications InterfacesThe system uses HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) for sending and receiving data over the internet (Groth, Skandier, Lammle Tedder 2005). When the system is used within the hospital, it is presented on same network hence its generally faster as the server is also located within the hospital, but outside the hospital the system is accessible via internet and hence a domain is needed to be registered with the DNS servers hosted at the ISP.Data ModelThis section explains t he data baffle used for the system. The section begins with recognizing all the entities to be used in the system and their affinitys and then converting those entities and relations to control boards. These circumvents will be normalized to 3NF form. This section captures the cardinality and referential integrity rules needed to ensure that the data is of good quality for the users. The main aim of data models is to takeport the development of information systems by providing the definition and format of data.Entity-relationship modelThe E-R (entity-relationship) data model views the real world as a set of basic objects (entities) and relationships among these objects (Bai 2010). It is intended primarily for the DB design process by allowing the specification of an opening move scheme. If the information system, being designed, is based on a database then the conceptual data model will later be mapped on to a arranged data model, which in turn will be mapped on to a physical model during the physical design process (Bai 2010). The E-R diagram shows all objects involved in the system as entities and the function among them as relationships. Here is a description of entities used in our system-Entity An entity is nothing but an object that exists and is differentiable from other objects. Entities could be concrete such as a person or it could be an abstract entity that is nothing but a concept (Stallings 2008). An entity could also be considered as a source of information for the system. There are following entities in well meadows-Doctor or consultant (concrete)Change nurse (concrete)Patients (concrete)Wards (abstract)Drugs (concrete)Administrator (concrete)Staff (concrete)Qualification (abstract)Inpatient (concrete)Outpatient (concrete)Attributes Attributes are unique qualities that can be possessed by both relationships and entities. Attributes are represented by ovals that are connected to the entity sets that possess them by a line. With the exce ption of weak entities, all entities have to a minimum amount of attributes. These make up the primary distinguish of the entity (Stallings 2008). Following are the attributes of the various entities described above-Doctor id, name, address, telephone, duty open frame, date of sufferChange nurse id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, ward allocated.Patients id, name, address, telephone, date of birthWard ward_num, ward_name, location, in charge nurse, number of bedsDrugs id, name, type, dosage, methodology, price, stockAdministrator- username, password, name, address, telephone, date of birthStaff id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, ward allocated.Qualification- institution name, qualification nameInpatient- id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, date of admit, expected stay, expected date of leaving, actual date of leavingOutpatient id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, date of appointment, consultant name, location, time of appointment.Here i s an entity relationship diagram for the given system-(Entity Relationship Digram)The patients are categorized into inpatients and outpatients as explained above while the staff has two categories doctors and nurses. The remaining staff is covered chthonic staff itself. Wards are there in the hospital that is controlled by the nurses while drugs are referred by the doctors and they are taken by the patients. Both the inpatients and outpatients are treated by the doctors, while inpatients have a separate relationship with wards that they are admitted to it.Database design and normalizationNormalization can be defined as the process in which data is taken from problem and reduced to a set of relations through data integrity and elimination of data redundancy (Gunderloy Jorden 2008).Data integrity The data in the database is consistent and satisfies the all integrity constraints.Data redundancy Data redundancy incurs if it is found in two different locations (direct redundancy). At the same time the calculation of data from other items (indirect redundancy) also creates redundancy (Oppel 2004). prime(prenominal) normalized form The multi valued attributes are removed that facilitate a atomic number 53 value at the intersection of each row and column in a table.Second Normal form In second normal form, all the non key attributes must be dependent on complete primary key and not on a single part of primary key. triad normal form In a third normal form, all the non keys are determined only by the primary keys (Oppel 2004).Boyce-Codd normal form The anomalies have been removed that resulted from the functional dependancies (Gunderloy Jorden 2008).The normalized schemas of the tables used in our database are given below-Drugdrug_IDdrug_namedescriptiondosagemethodStockReordercostPatientpatient_idFirst NameLast nameAddresstelephoneDate of birthSexMarital statusDate of registrationStaffStaff_idFirst NameLast nameAddresstelephonepositionInpatientidPatient_idWard numberBed numberDate placedExpected periodExpected Date of leavingActual date of leavingWardWard numberNamelocationextensionCharge nurse id(staff.staff id)Outpatientidpatient idConsultant idDateTimelocationQualificationidStaff_idTypeInstitutionCompletion dateWeekly allocationWard numberStaff idshiftdatePrescriptionPatient_iddrug_idStart DateUnits per dayEnd dateDatabase implementationThe database defined above needs to be implemented over a database system. We use a relational database management system as our designs are based on relational model. Considering the requirements of hospital that are not very large, we can use an open source, free of cost database management system named as MySQL. MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. It works on most of the available operating systems and is generally the most popular choice for implementing small database applications. It also has a plug-i n named as phpmyadmin that provides a GUI access to the database (Lambrix 2010). Here are the implementations of SQLs for the database- phpMyAdmin SQL Dump version 3.2.4 http//www.phpmyadmin.net Host localhost Generation Time Dec 12, 2010 at 0858 AM server version 5.1.41 PHP Version 5.3.1SET SQL_MODE=NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO/*40101 SET emailprotectedCHARACTER_SET_CLIENT *//*40101 SET emailprotectedCHARACTER_SET_RESULTS *//*40101 SET emailprotectedCOLLATION_CONNECTION *//*40101 SET NAMES utf8 */ Database hospital Table structure for table drugCREATE slacken IF not EXISTS drug (drug_num int(11) not nobody AUTO_INCREMENT,name varchar(100) non shadowy,description varchar(100) not NULL,dosage varchar(100) not NULL,method varchar(100) NOT NULL,stock int(11) NOT NULL, rank int(11) inadvertence NULL,cost decimal(10,0) NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (drug_num)) ENGINE=MyISAM evasion CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 Dumping data for table drug Table structure for table inpatientCREATE TABLE IF NOT E XISTS inpatient (inpatient_id int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,patient_id int(11) NOT NULL,expected_stay int(11) NOT NULL,date_placed date NOT NULL,date_leave date DEFAULT NULL,actual_leave date DEFAULT NULL,ward_num int(11) NOT NULL,bed_num int(11) NOT NULL,spouse_id int(11) DEFAULT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (inpatient_id)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 Dumping data for table inpatientINSERT INTO inpatient (inpatient_id, patient_id, expected_stay, date_placed, date_leave, actual_leave, ward_num, bed_num, spouse_id) value(1, 1, 5, 2010-08-12, 0000-00-00, 0000-00-00, 1, 45, 0) Table structure for table outpatientCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS outpatient (appointment_num int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,consultant_id int(11) NOT NULL,patient_id int(11) NOT NULL,date date NOT NULL,time time NOT NULL,location varchar(100) NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (appointment_num)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 Dumping data for table outpatient Table structure for table pa tientCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS patient (patient_id int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,firstname varchar(50) NOT NULL,lastname varchar(50) NOT NULL,address varchar(500) NOT NULL,tel varchar(20) NOT NULL,dob date NOT NULL, commove varchar(10) NOT NULL,mar_status varchar(20) NOT NULL,reg_date timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,PRIMARY KEY (patient_id)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=3 Dumping data for table patientINSERT INTO patient (patient_id, firstname, lastname, address, tel, dob, sex, mar_status, reg_date) VALUES(1, yash, yash, yash, 7799, 0000-00-00, Male, UnMarried, 2010-12-08 000310) Table structure for table prescription drugCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS prescription (prescription_id int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,patent_id int(11) NOT NULL,drug_num int(11) NOT NULL,units per day int(11) NOT NULL,startdate date NOT NULL,enddate date NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (prescription_id)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 Dumping data for table prescription Table structure for table qualificationCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS qualification (q_id int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,staff_id int(11) NOT NULL,type varchar(100) NOT NULL,institution varchar(100) NOT NULL,date date NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (q_id)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 Dumping data for table qualification Table structure for table requetsCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS requets (request_id int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,ward_num int(11) NOT NULL,drug_num int(11) NOT NULL,quantity int(11) NOT NULL,date date NOT NULL,processed int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,process_date date DEFAULT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (request_id)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 Dumping data for table requets Table structure for table staffCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS staff (staff_id int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,firstname varchar(50) NOT NULL,lastname varchar(50) NOT NULL,address varchar(500) NOT NULL,sex varchar(10) NOT NULL,dob date NOT NULL,tel varchar(20) NO T NULL,position varchar(50) NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (staff_id)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=4 Dumping data for table staffINSERT INTO staff (staff_id, firstname, lastname, address, sex, dob, tel, position) VALUES(1, abcd, pqrs, asasd, Male, 0000-00-00, 123123, Charge Nurse) Table structure for table staffhierCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS staffhier (id int(11) NOT NULL,description varchar(100) NOT NULL) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 Dumping data for table staffhierINSERT INTO staffhier (id, description) VALUES(1, consultant),(2, Charge Nurse),(3, physiotherapist),(4, nurse) Table structure for table tblusersCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tblusers (username varchar(50) NOT NULL,password varchar(50) NOT NULL,name varchar(50) NOT NULL,wrong_count int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,PRIMARY KEY (username)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 Dumping data for table tblusersINSERT INTO tblusers (username, password, name, wrong_count) VALUES(admin, 123456, administrator, 1) Ta ble structure for table wardCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ward (ward_num int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,ward_name varchar(50) NOT NULL,location varchar(100) NOT NULL,ext int(11) NOT NULL,num_beds int(11) NOT NULL,nurse_id int(11) NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (ward_num)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 Dumping data for table wardINSERT INTO ward (ward_num, ward_name, location, ext, num_beds, nurse_id) VALUES(1, ank, asasd, 6666, 3, 1) Table structure for table weeklyallocationCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS weeklyallocation (allocation_id int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,staff_id int(11) NOT NULL,ward_num int(11) NOT NULL,shift varchar(50) NOT NULL,startdate timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,PRIMARY KEY (allocation_id)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=4 Dumping data for table weeklyallocationINSERT INTO weeklyallocation (allocation_id, staff_id, ward_num, shift, startdate) VALUES(1, 1, 1, EARLY, 2010-12-07 185240),(2, 1, 1, NIGHT, 2010-12-07 233 340),(3, 0, 1, , 2010-12-08 000525)/*40101 SET emailprotected_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT *//*40101 SET emailprotected_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS *//*40101 SET emailprotected_COLLATION_CONNECTION */This script will create the database and will make few entries in the tables as well. The username and passwords are stored in a table named as tblUsers. The admin password is also stored in the same table. This is the dump of the database exported by using phpmyadmin. Same script can be executed using the tool or also can be imported using the import option in phpmyadmin (Lambrix 2010). This will setup the database and the application can now be configured.System implementationThe package package we choose for this system is XAMPP. Xampp is a software package that is used for hosting websites and the combination of four software packages namely php, apache, mysql and phpmyadmin. Xampp is a simple program that can be run on any machine it does not require any specific hardware. Xampp is free softwar e and it is available for various operating systems such as Linux, Windows, Mac OS, and Solaris etc. The programs sets up a mysql server on the system as well as an apache web server on the machine. The package also configures php for the machine and also provides phpmyadmin for managing the mysql database (Newman Thomas 2008). Xampp provides a root directory named as htdocs that works for the web server. Xampp is the easiest way to host a website. Xampp is very easy to install and uninstall as compared to the separate installation and configuration of the services it provides. Xampp also includes support for filezilla, mercury etc.DevelopersXampp is open source software developed by www.apachefriends.com. Apache friends were founded in 2002 by Oswald and Kay. Oswald is their webmaster, while Kay is the maintainer of apache for windows. Apache friends have Xampp as their only project (Newman Thomas 2008). There are no new projects till date. The software package is available throu gh Sourceforge that hosted the download files on their website www.sourceforge.net and made this whole project possible.BenefitsXampp has several benefits that make web hosting easy. These are as below It is available in many languages such as English, Dutch, Italian, French, Portuguese and Chinese etc.It makes database management very easy with support of phpmydmin.The sup

Employee Empowerment on Customer Satisfaction

Employee Em index fingerment on Customer SatisfactionEmployee empowerment and client satisfaction is one of those terms that everyone thinks they understand, but few really do. Ask a dozen diametrical people and youll get a dozen different answers to the question, What is employee empowerment? In fact, investigate a dozen organizational theorists and youll get as many answers to the same question. Some writers indicate that empowerment consists of sharing power and authority. Others say that empowerment occurs when the organizations processes are set-up to allow for it. If you keep in mind the secondary dictionary definition of to give faculties or abilities to enable (Grove, 1971, p.744), with all that this joint implies, then you allow for be on the right track for the purposes.Employee empowerment is a key feature of the modern management style. Empowered employees are anticipate to perform more effectively as compared to those working in traditional or authoritarian organiza tional cultures. Empowered employees are more motivated as compared to those who just follow the given lines. Employee empowerment creates sense of belongingness and ownership towards the parent organization. Empowered employee impression more confident and try to give their best to their employers, as a result, service quality improves. Improved product or service quality generally results into higher level of client satisfaction. Higher level of customer satisfaction results into a bigger sales volume resulting into an improved profitability. Every business aims at earning profits however profits and customer value go hand in hand. In order to give maximum value to a customer, the service provider is required to develop a sound sagacity of the customer expectations.In the first part of this thesis, the authors will present the background to the problem, which will then be specified in the second part. Further, the delimitations of this study will be stated. After reading this f irst part, the reader will stick out gained a better understanding of the research subject which leads to purpose and related research questions guiding this study.BACKGROUNDGlobal markets have built a competitive environment in business. If the organizations want to remain in the market, they must be inventive in lowering costs and value to customers. So it is essential for an organization to utilize the full potential of its people. But the employees need power and control to attain decisions to fulfill the customers needs. jibe to (Cook, 1992) studies shown that people work with full energy when they feel happy, plane they are ready to sacrifice for organizations and give their blood to the company. But when they feel valued and important. They show their involvement in the business.(R Maxwell, 2005) Employees in a service organization and particularly, those who have frequent contacts with the customer usually serve as representatives of two the Organization and their produ cts or services to the customer at contact point. The quality of the service and the satisfaction the customer may derive will be an appraisal of the entire service experience. Employees who are empowered in an organization fag either portray a positive or negative picture to the customers. purport STATEMENTThe purpose of this survey based quantitative research is to forge and identify the perception of employees about the employee empowerment in banking sector of Pakistan. At what conclusion these organizations are practicing employee empowerment, and how much this empowerment has impact on service quality and customer satisfaction.In matters concerning financial commitments, investments and spending customers, not only need reassurance that their funds are safe, but also that they are valued for committing their stakes with a particular financial institution. Customers of a bank rely on the services delivered to them by the bank whether they are saving depositing, taking loans , cashing cheques or buying funds, they count on the employees responsible for handling issues relating to them, to deliver high service quality in other to increase their satisfaction.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThis research will provide a deep view to the implications of employee empowerment to employees, government, employers, students and the general public who have an involution in the study.The readers will be able to understand stark naked relations between different variables and conceptual understanding of these variables. They will read new concepts in the context of banking sector e.g. organizational image, effectiveness and efficiency and building trust.This research is targeted at the management of organizations within the banking industry, and industries producing highly intangible-dominant services, as suggestion regarding employee empowerment, which when practiced can enhance customer satisfaction and create a good customer- perceived service quality.OBJECTIVESMain o bjectives of the study is to determine the impact of employee empowerment on customer satisfaction in banking sector of Pakistan.General objectivesTo determine the impact of employee empowerment on effectiveness and efficiency.To determine the impact of employee empowerment on service quality.To determine the impact of employee empowerment on organizational image.1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONWhat is the impact of employee empowerment on customer satisfaction in banking sector of Pakistan?CHAPTER TWOLITRATURE analyse2.0 INTRODUCTIONInside of todays unstable public and private sectors, external pressures from political, environmental, social and technological sources require management to seek out, evaluate and embrace, new planning, organizational and run techniques to remain on track in pursuit of their associations mission and long-term goals. Among the myriad of proposed theories, models and plans submitted in the past decade to the managerial community for possible word sense and impl ementation is the concept of employee empowerment. Within the spectrum of discussion on employee empowerment, rhetoric inevitably mentions the relevant success or failure of empowerment as a feasible tool to upper management.According to (Kirkman, 1989) empowerment of employees is continuously growing today in Europe. Multinationals have a great concern on empowerment of employees. potency increase employee motivation and positive orientation towards his work role and finally results in higher productivity.(Watson,2003)over the past few years, traditional management has gone and new democratic approaches has takes its place. Employee empowerment, which came up in 1990s, is known as one of the new management concepts. (Hanold, 1997) However, when the relevant literature is analyzed, this concept is understood to have a monthlong history than previously thought with its roots Human Rights Movement of 1950 and 1960s, empowerment has rather closely related to the various concepts and techniques foundinged to democratize the work-place.2.1 EFFECTIVENESS readiness(Conger, Kanangu, 1988) management researchers and practitioners have keen interest in concept of empowerment and related management practices. This interest is due to several reasons. First studies on leaders and managerial skills suggest that the practice of empowering subordinate is a principal component of managerial and organizational effectiveness. Second analyses of power and control within organization reveals that the occur productive form of organizational power and effectiveness grow with superior sharing of power and control with subordinates. (Mayers, 1987) employees are effective performers when they are empowered. Because it is the fact that the employees who have authority to take decisions perform better. And utilize the resources of the organization efficiently.2.2 SERVICE QUALITYIn banking organizations, the general offering in a particular industry is averagely similar, even though they may engage in different approaches to achieving a differentiation from the others, to be able to gain more market share and customers in the industry. According to (Gooronos, 2001), that almost any retailing bank can provide an individual with retailing services, but not every bank manages to treat customers in a way that they are pleased with. Service providers therefore seek to differentiate themselves from their rivals by offering customers higher quality of services than their competitors, which makes the basis of their competition to be defined by their services. (K.Sen, 2008)The nature of services as being intangible, heterogeneous, perishable, produced, and consumed at same eon makes it peculiar to deliver, and challenging to organizations to achieve a differentiation from the others.2.3 node SATISFACTION(Spetz, Butler 2008)In the past years the competition in the banking sector is increasing. There is more choice for the customers and thereby the banks have to work h arder to attract customers. (Peter, Waterman, 1982) rivet that good organizations align their strategies and goals to the requirement s of their customers .One way is to care employees and empower them. (George 1992)There exists an interaction between the desired results and customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and customer retention.CHAPTER common chordRESEARCH METHADOLOGY3.0 INTRODUCTIONResearch regularityology is defined as the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline or the development of methods, to be utilise within a discipline or a particular procedure or set of procedures. It should be noted that methodology is frequently used when method would be more accurate. Methodology includes the following concepts as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiryA collection of theories, concepts or ideas.Comparative study of different approaches.Critique of the individual methods.Methodology get ups to more than a sim ple set of methods rather it refers to the rationale and the philosophical assumptions that underlie a particular study. This is why scholarly literature often includes a section on the methodology of the researchers. Another key, although arguably imprecise, usage for methodology does not refer to research or to the specific analysis techniques. This often refers to anything and everything that can be encapsulated for a discipline or a series of processes, activities and tasks.Research is the search for friendship through objectives and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem. It is an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. It is also pursuit of truth with the champion of study observation comparison and experiment and it is the science of studying how a research is done. This chapter outlines the various stages of the research methodology. Namely take in procedures, data collection methods, questionnaire design and codin g of questionnaire etc.3.1 RESEARCH STRATEGYFor the purpose of this research, questionnaire-filling strategy is chosen. Primary data will be collected through the survey questionnaire. The required data was collected from the selected areas of Lahore in Pakistan, in order to have a complete knowledge and insight about the activities of the banking.The study will involve a sampling of 130 individual customers of banking from a Lahore in Pakistan.CHAPTER FOUR4.0 TIME SCALEThe following Gantt chart represents the estimated time the researcher plans on covering the research.A time resource, available is approximately 3 months (Beginning from proposal approval) and its management has been planned as shown in the Gantt chart above, from the Gantt chart.4.2 COSTThe cost of whole research is fully sponsored be researcher. This includes all costs incurred, inclusive of printing, transport, and communication costs.4.3 OTHER RESOURCESOther resources that the researcher is planning to use are SPSS version 16.0 for this analysis and other statistic analytical tools.

American History X Essay -- Movies Film

Throughout Americas history, there have always been issues between the white race and some other races, mainly the black race. These problems in history have always and may always be questionable on whether they are right or wrong. Up until this very day, everyone seems to have their own opinion to this question should the white race reign over America, the minorities, or should we all just live together in harmony. The truth of the matter is that not only does this affect social relationships, but also political affairs which affects where we stand now in this United estate. Political campaigns get altered and misrepresented, because of this battle between races. The video that my friends and I chose to watch is titled American History X, which is based on the collapse between the whites and blacks. Being only under ten years old, the video is a perfect example of how people, even after the Civil Rights Acts and the freeing of slaves, alleviate think today. The video demonstrate s how skinheads go up against the minorities attempting to spread the word of white power through riots and other violent acts. Although it may seem worry this video has nothing to do with politics, it in fact ties in perfectly with it. It provides a brief explanation as in why weve never had a black president, and why theres so much criticism dealing with the presidential candidate Barak Obama. Looking left to right, I see disparity amongst us everywhere. Schools, shopping malls, and even at our jobs it is truly unavoidable. Everyone has their own beliefs in which they are entitled to, but some people take it beyond the harbor zone. In American History X, I saw discrimination to its full potential with the brutal murder of three young black men by ... ...nd different beliefs greatly influence who we choose to stand with and who we would like to vote for. It is all a race for superiority just like the D.O.C. and the Crypts, with opinions changing from clock to time. Even though there will always be a constant struggle between whites, black, Hispanics, etc, we cannot simply dislike a person and strain them by their skin color, or race. As in the scene, in politics we should all listen to what each candidate has to offer and not rule them out. Its just like the saying that Im sure weve all heard at some point in our lives Dont sound out a book by its cover. My friends and I completely agree with that saying and everything else in this paper. The movie was indeed graphic, but not meaningless. We recommend this movie to anyone who pursues an explanation as to why some people act the way they do and how they can be changed.

The Beatles :: Essay on The Beatles

The Beatles were an extremely popular andinfluential group in Rock n Roll. My question is, Why? What drew thousandsupon thousands of screaming fans to these four British musicians? Was itsomething in the sound of the instruments? Could it have been the bassbeat, or maybe the guitar playing? What about their lyrics? They had acertain personality, too. Was that it? Lets look at each of these, andsome other factors as well.What is the first thing you wonderwhen you hear something new on the radio? You wonder who sings it. Thefirst thing you see when you pick up an record album is who sings or performsit. Hmm? This suggests the power of a catchy title. Something out of theordinary to catch the eye. Something misspelled, perhaps? The Beetles?No, The Beatles. Whats in their name? In the words of Beatle John Lennon,when you hear it, the name is smallish crawly things. When you see it, itsbeat music. I think thats quite attractive to a record store browser,dont you?Of course, another thing that couldcatch a browsing customer would be the pictures on the album. The frontsof record albums are versatile that way because one can fit a lot on them.I have looked at the images on a few Beatles records and, I must say,they are rather attractive and flashy. One particular cover that I wasable to view is an album that went unreleased due to its picture. On thecover there is a photograph of The Beatles in a butcher shop with carcasseshanging around them it certainly caught the eye. On another album, theboys were all dressed up in Spanish bullfighter uniforms that were gaudyenough to catch the eye of a blind man.The sounds that the ear hears ina song are without a doubt important to the persons opinion of that song.To examine the sound of the instruments, I played the Anthology music througha stereophonic with adjustable graphic equalizers. On a few songs, I isolatedthe bass, and therefore the bass beat, then the treble, which includesvocals and guitar, and finally, the backgr ound, which is mostly Ringosdrums. The first thing I sight was a particularly catchy beat. It wasgenerally quick and moderately heavy. This would seem to be easy to dance,or toe tap, to. I also listened intently to the guitar throughout the songs,especially the guitar solos. George Harrison plays solos in I Saw HerStanding There and Money, that sound quick and surge forth with an earcatching sound.

Film Analysis of High and Low Essay -- Film Analysis Movies High and L

Film Analysis of postgraduate and LowFilm 1010 Mise en film is a stylistic form of filming that is French for staging the shot, which is referring to everything in front of the camera. Director Kurosawa understood this style and employ it in High and Low (Kurosawa, 1962). He used several Mise en scene techniques such as closed constitution, space manipulation, and lighting to compliment the crime thriller story. Closed composition is one of the main themes that Kurosawa uses throughout the movie. He chooses to keep the scenes tight and in close quarters mostly. This is seen predominately in the first half on the movie. Here the carry out takes place in Mr. Gondos endure on top of a hill. The peach has very little idea that there is much of a orbit outside the house. This idea is supported when Mr. Gondo has to close all the drapes in the house to prevent the kidnapper from looking into the house. This gives a mood and feeling of anxiety from be enclosed. Also, shots of the house sitting on top of the hill give the feeling of loneliness. This feeling is repeated in the bullet train sequence where the quarters ar much smaller. The viewer is somewhat relieved with the view of the outside, but because of the close quarters and the sense of a speeding train, it does not allow the viewer to relish the openness the windows provide. A scene that clearly shows the Mise en scene style is the next day comes and Mr. Gondo must now decide whether to pay the ransom or not. We see and hear the argument with Mr. Gondo and Mrs. Gondo, with Mr. Aoki crying to the far left of the scene. Soon the dialog ends and we see Mr. Aoki still to the far left, Mrs. Gondo with Jun in the middle, and Mr. Gondo to the far right. Clearly separating them are the detectives who are standing silently with their heads down. The placement of the detectives manipulates the space in the scene into thirds. It also helps in emphasizing the differences between the three characters re garding what should be done virtually getting Mr. Aokis son back from the kidnapper. In the scene where two of the detectives find the man and woman dead, we see the detectives enclosed in the window of the house where, we the viewers are looking in. This is the closed form composition, which is used to help focus the viewers attention on the characters. In doing so, the characters surprise reactions... ...arly being used as a separation between Mr. Gondo and the police. That, with the combination of the lack of furniture, along with the predominance of white created by the light in the house enforces the tone of emptiness and loneliness that the viewer feels. Finally, the last few scenes show desperation by the kidnapper. Mr. Gondo and the kidnapper are sitting across from each other in a closed off room. The room gives the feeling of being trapped along with the wire mesh and window separating them. Here the viewer can see the condemnation of whom the character is ta lking to so that we can see the expression from what is being said. Plus by being in such a small room, the emotions await to be increased as the kidnapper releases his own emotions to Mr. Gondo. We have seen that Kurosawa used many techniques of the mise en scene throughout High and Low. The use of the closed stylistic form along with the lighting and space manipulation of characters and objects help increase the intense emotion of the film as well as help the viewer focus on key points and characters. This ultimately moved the story forward and complimented the crime thriller categorization of the film.

Homeless Cafes :: Essays Papers

Homeless coffee shopsThere seems to be a welcome crusade unfolding in social services for the stateless. In place of large, impersonal soup kitchens, small cafes are springing up with a philosophy that is all too rare-treat the homeless with respect and dignity, and maybe theyll respond to available services.It began with cafe 458 in Atlanta in 1988, which since has served as a model for similar cafes across the country. coffee bar 458 was founded to serve good meals to small groups of homeless individuals, offer a comprehensive array of services, and empower those who eat at the Cafe. Part of its strategy to empower homeless persons is to treat them with dignity-the staff refer to those who eat there as guests, not clients, food is served on real dishes, artwork adorns the walls, and fresh flowers brighten each table. The Cafe serves only 28 guests at a time, all of whom are referred by area social service agencies. To be referred to the Cafe, clients must not be actively using drugs, have no recent history of violence, and have a strong desire to improve their lives. On the average, guests regularly eat at the Cafe for six months before they are able to find employment and/or housing.Since 1988, Cafe 458 has served only 1,000 people, but the staff considers its small numbers its strength. As Nancy Palchanis, administrator director, explains, It is not a feeding program. It is about empowerment. Soup kitchens feed too many people. Our advantage is in the small size. The small size of Cafe 458, and others same(p) it, is translating into success in the lives of their guests . For example, The Bread and Roses Cafe, run by a social service agency in Venice, California, enrolls some of its clients in a six-week intensive public life in restaurant work and 20 hours of on-thejob training. Sixty-seven of the 112 people who have completed the program are now employed by restaurants in the Los Angeles area. fortunately for some of Chicagos homeless, they too hav e a similar place to turn-Inspiration Cafe, located in the uptown community. Since 1991, Inspiration Cafe has served good-tasting and healthy meals to homeless individuals in Uptown and has provided them with a variety of comprehensive services.The Cafe was founded by Lisa Nigro, a former homeless in her community. Nigro began feeding the homeless in Uptown by carting around a red wagon filled with bagels and juice that she would serve to people waiting in lines at local shelters and soup kitchens.