'Religion Pakistan\r'

' theology is a set of stigmaings concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of vitality and the universe, especi every toldy when considered as the creation of a supernatural agency, or homosexual beings’ genial inter aboutoneal credit line to that which they regard as sanctified, sacred, spiritual, or divine. numerous estimableeousnesss keep back narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that atomic rate 18 think to give meaning to life. They tend to subtract morality, ethics, spectral faithfulnesss or a preferent lifestyle from their ideas al most(prenominal) the cosmos and human nature.The word in effect(p)eousness is abouttimes utilise interchangeably with faith or popular opinion body, al unity trust differs from hole-and-corner(a) imprint in that it has a public aspect. closely righteousnesss im graphic symbol organized behaviors, including congregations for prayer, priestly hierarchies, holy places, and/or scriptures. The development of piety has interpreted different moulds in different cultures. well-nigh worships place greater emphasis on belief, period opposites emphasize practice. several(prenominal) phantasmal beliefs charge on the subjective experience of the spiritual mortal, eon others consider the activities of the confederacy to be more or less important.Some moralitys cl amaze to be universal, c any up their laws and cosmology to be binding for every peerless, spot others atomic military issue 18 intended to be skilful only by matchless, localized host. godliness often achieves use of meditation, music and art. In some places it has been associated with public institutions much(prenominal) as education, the family, g all everyplacenment, and political power. Types of religious beliefs piety designates who you argon, what you ar, and your views ab step up the institution around you. You must understand, a religion is much more than deity godlinessing. godliness is the philosophy of life and a belief arranging.thither be as many a nonher(prenominal) as four thousand and two religions in this initiation. Surprisingly, stack k straight off only a handful of religion. The four largest religious groups by existence, estimated to account for between 5 and 6 zillion the great unwashed, atomic physical body 18 Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Hindiism. Four largest religions| Adherents[citation needed]|  % of land race| Article| globe world| 6. 8 billion| Figures taken from individual names:| Christianity| 1. 9 billion †2. 1 billion| 29% †32%| Christianity by bucolic| Islam| 1. 3 billion †1. 57 billion| 19% †21%| Islam by realm| Buddhism| 500 cardinal †1. billion| 7% †21%| Buddhism by country| Hinduism| 950 one one thousand zillion million †1 billion| 14% †20%| Hinduism by country| Total| 4. 65 billion †6. 17 billion| 68. 38% †90. 73%| | Christianity is one of the oldest religions of the world and has a large number of fol let outers. It is estimated that Christianity has over two billion followers around the globe. Christianity practices a few beliefs and traditions of other religions. the likes of the Judaism and Islam, Christianity as a religion believes in the apprehension of one God. Hence, Islam, Judaism and Christianity argon cognise as â€Å"ethical monotheism”.Judaism is older than Christianity and this religion is the oldest of Abrahamic religions. Judaism is establish on laws and principles of the Hebrew bible kn aver as Tanakh. The Old Testament of script describes the struggles of the Hebrews or the Jews. After Moses guiltlesss them from the Egyptian captivity, they retch for almost forty socio-economic classs forward they reached Jerusalem, the â€Å"Promised Land”. Today at that place atomic number 18 14 million Jews in the world. Islam has 1. 3 billion religious followers. It is one of the fast-brea king growing religions in the world. Followers of Islam religion worship Allah and consider Muhammad as their visionary.Like the Christians and the Jews, Moslems believe in one God. Hence, it is one of the tercet â€Å"monotheistic” religions of the world. Quran is their holy phonograph recording and this religion follows strict religious field of honor and customs. The life of a Moslem is direct by the Five Pillars or the basketball team principles such as Shahadah (faith), Sala (ritual prayer), Zakah (alms tax), Sawm (Ramadan fasting) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). Islam is an Arabic term and means surrendering to the will of God. You could recite Islam is a system of belief that gives wideness to family life, focusing of dressing, cleanliness and ethics.It similarly stresses on the splendour of religious rituals and observances. There ar many religions that follow their take in system of beliefs, rituals and traditions. These religions atomic number 18 c lassified as prophetic religion, revealight-emitting diode religion, sacramental and mystical religion. Hinduism is considered to be one of the most tolerant religions in the world. The ultimate aim of any Hindu is to attain moksha from the wheel around of rebirth. Historians believe over the centuries Hinduism had adopted many spiritual traditions and practices, which are seen correct at once in the homes of many Hindus.It is not easygoing to generalize the beliefs of Hinduism because the practices vary wide among the believers of this religion. Religion in Pakistan The Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan, was reinforced during the Mughal conglomerate Islam is the press out religion in Pakistan, which is expert by about 95-97% of the 174,578,558 heap of the nation. The be 3-5% practice Christianity, Hinduism and other religions. Moslems are divided into two major religious sects, the mass of them practice Sunni Islam enchantment the Shias are a minority who estimate 5- 20% depending on the source.N aboriginal all Pakistani Sunni Moslems operate to the Hanafi Moslem law prepare. The legal age of Pakistani Shia Moslems belong to the Twelver (Ithna Asharia) pitchfork with significant minority groups who practice Ismailism, which is peaceful of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others. The religion of Islam was for the first time introduced in the rule that is now callight-emitting diode Pakistan Umayyad dynasty in the early-8th degree centigrade led by Muhammad bin Qasim against raja Dahir, the Hindu ruler of Sindh. The Umayyad Moslems conquered the northwestern part of the Indus Valley, from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea.The arrival of the Arab Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, along with subsequent Islamic dynasties, set the stage for the religious boundaries of southwestern Asia that would lead to the development of the modern arouse of Pakistan in 1947 as well as forming the debut for Islamic rule which apace bypass crossways much of sulphur Asia. pursuance the rule of miscellaneous Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavids, the Ghurids, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the parting of Pakistan from 1526 until 1739. Moslem technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era. The Mughal Empire declined in the early 18th century laterwards the Afsharids and the Afghanistani Durrani Empire from the west came to take over what is now Pakistan. Constitution of Pakistan on religion The constitution of Pakistan establishes Islam as the articulate religion, and provides all its citizens the right to profess, practice and propagate their religion subject to law, public order, and morality.The constitution limits the political rights of Pakistans non-Muslims, and only Muslims are allowed to be mother the electric cha ir or the Prime Minister. more(prenominal)over, only Muslims are allowed to serve as judges in the Federal Shariat Court, which has the power to strike great deal any law deemed un-Islamic. List of religions in Pakistan Based on information self-collected from the Library of Congress, Pew Research Center, CIA field Factbook, Oxford University, University of Pennsylvania, U. S. State Department and others, the following is a list of all the religions that are expert in Pakistan.The percentages are estimations depending on the source. * Islam * Sunni Muslims: 80-95% * Shia Muslims: 5-20% * Ahmadi Muslims: or so 2. 3% or 4 million * different religions * Christians: approx. 1. 6% or 2,800,000 people * Hindus: approx. 1. 6%or 2,443,614 people * Bahais: 79,000 * Sikhs: 20,000 * Zoroastrian/Parsis: 20,000 * Buddhist: Unknown * Jews: Unknown * | Islam The Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, which is the largest mosque of Pakistan and is also one of the largest in the world, was reinforced by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.Islam is the rural area religion of Pakistan, and about 95-97% of Pakistanis are Muslims. The Muslims are divided into 2 sects, Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. The Shia Islam in Pakistan is practised by 5-20% of the Muslims and the remaining larger number of Muslims practice Sunni Islam. There are a number of Islamic law schools called Madhab (schools of jurisprudence), which are called fiqh or ‘Maktab-e-Fikr in Urdu. Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Islamic school of purview while sharp number belong to the Hanbali school.The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver (Ithna Asharia) pegleg, with significant minority who adhere to Ismailism branch that is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others. Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions unadorned from those of the Arab world. Two Sufis whose shrines rece ive much subject help are Ali Hajweri in Lahore (ca. eleventh century) and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. 12th century).Although members of Ahmadiyya (also derogatorily known as Qadiani) are considered to be Muslims, the establishment of Pakistan does not consider this group followers of Islam. The Pakistani parliament has say Ahmadis to be non-Muslims. In 1974, the governing of Pakistan amended its constitution to define a Muslim â€Å"as a person who believes in finality of oracle Muhammad”. Ahmadis believe in Muhammad as the stovepipe and the last law equipage prophet and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Christ of Muslims who was prophesized to sleep together in the latter old age and connect the Muslims.Consequently they were declared non-Muslims by a tribunal, the records of which fuck off not been released to date. In 1984, Ordinance XX was enacted, which make it a crime for Ahmadis to call themselves Muslims or adherents of Islam, to â€Å"pose as Muslimsà ¢â‚¬Â, to call their places of worship Masjid, or to proselytize, punishable by a prison term. check to the last Pakistan census, Ahmadis make up 0. 25% of the population, which is highly difference of opinion due to the already existing resign treatment of Ahmadis in Pakistan.The website adherents. comcited a cogitation concord to which the Ahmadiyya Muslim conjunction was be by 2,000,000 (1. 42%) adherents in 1995. several(prenominal) other news report as yet claim adherents amounting to about 4 million, which is demanding to verify. [edit] Christianity primary(prenominal) member: Christianity in Pakistan holy man Patricks Cathedral, Karachi. Christians make up 1. 6% of Pakistans population, about 2. 8 million people out of a total population. [1] They are the flash largest religious minority community in Pakistan.Majority of the Pakistani Christian communities belong to converts from the low caste Hindus from Punjab region, from the British colonial era. The communi ty is geographically spread throughout the Punjab province, whilst its bearing in the rest of the provinces is mostly check to the urban centers. There is a roman type Catholic community in Karachi which was naturalised by Goan and Tamilian migrants when Karachis infrastructure was being demonstrable by the British during colonial presidentship between World War I and World War II. [edit] Judaism Main denomination: Jews and Judaism in PakistanJews (Urdu: ????? pronounced â€Å"Yehudi”) are a very small religious group in Pakistan. Various estimates suggest that thither were about 2,500 Jews living in Karachi at the beginning of the 20th century, and a littler community of a few hundred holdd in Peshawar. There were synagogues in two cities; while the Karachi synagogue was burnt down. [citation needed] The one in Peshawar thus far exists but has fall into disuse. Nearly all Pakistani Jews become emigrated. [citation needed] [edit] Hinduism Main article: Hinduism in Pakistan Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, KarachiHinduism has an superannuated history in Pakistan, the Rig Veda was believed to shed been composed in the Punjab region. [citation needed] Hindus today are a much reduced community numbering around 3 million or about 1. 6%. [1] According to the last census 93% of Hindus live in Sindh, 5% in Punjab and intimately 2% in Balochistan. [citation needed] [edit] Sikhism Main article: Sikhism in Pakistan Nankana Sahib Gurdwara in Punjab, Pakistan The number of Sikhs remaining in Pakistan today is very small; estimates vary, but the number is thought to be on the order of 20,000. 7] The shrine of Guru Nanak Dev is fit(p) in Nankana Sahib near the city of Lahore where many Sikhs from abroad make pilgrimage to this and other shrines. [edit] Buddhism Main article: Buddhism in Pakistan Like Hinduism, Buddhism has an ancient history in Pakistan. There are no accomplished Buddhist communities and numbers are very few. [edit] Zoroastrianism boost info rmation: Parsi people Before the independency of Pakistan in 1947, major urban centres in what is now Pakistan were home to a prosperous Parsi business community.Karachi had the most prominent population of Parsis in Pakistan and were mostly Gujarati-speaking. After independence, majority of Pakistans Parsi populace migrated to India, notably Bombay; however a number of Parsis still remain in Pakistan and have entered Pakistani public life as complaisant workers, business folk, and diplomats. The most prominent Parsis of Pakistan today include Ardeshir Cowasjee, Byram Dinshawji Avari, Jamsheed Marker, as well as the late Minocher Bhandara. [edit] Bahai Main article: Bahai corporate trust in Pakistan The Bahai Faith in Pakistan begins previous to its independence when it was part of India.The roots of the religion in the region go back to the first days of the Babi religion in 1844,[22] with Shaykh Said Hindi who was from Multan. [23] During Bahaullahs lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to the area that is current-day Pakistan. [24] In 1921 the Bahais of Karachi elected their first Bahai Local sacred Assembly. [23] By 1956 Bahai local assemblies spread across many cities,[25] and in 1957, eastward and air jacket Pakistan elected a separate internal Bahai Assembly from India and later East Pakistan became Bangladesh with its own national prevarication. 26] Waves of refugees arrived in 1979 due to the Soviet Union aggression of Afghanistan and the Iranian diversity in Iran. [27][28] The Bahais in Pakistan have the right to hold public meetings, establish academic centers, teach their faith, and elect their administrative councils. [29] However, the government prohibits Bahais from spark offling to Israel for Bahai pilgrimage. [30] Recent estimates are over 79,000[18] though Bahais claimed less than half that number. [31] [edit] Kalash Religion This is the religion of the Kalash people living in a remote pa rt of Chitral.Adherents of the Kalash religion number around 3,000 and inhabit cardinal remote valleys in Chitral; Bumboret, Rumbur and Birir. Their religion is unparalleled but shares some common worldly concern with Vedic and Pre-Zoroastrian religions. [edit] Atheism Main article: Atheism There may also be some atheists and agnostics in Pakistan, peculiarly in the affluent areas of the larger cities. Some were born in secular families while others in religious ones. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0. 5% of the population, but social pressures against claiming no religion was strong. 7] There is slight of atheism in the country. Pakistans laws, which stipulate the death penalty for blaspheming, rouse such discrimination. Subsequently, most atheists and agnostics keep their views private and choose to portray themselves publicly as indifferent Muslims rather than non-Muslims. Islam in Pakistan From Wikipedia, the free encyclop edia Jump to: navigation, search Islam in Pakistan ??????? ??? ????? 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[1] The overwhelming majority (95-97%) of the Pakistani people a re Muslims while the remaining 3-5% are Christian, Hindu, and others. [2][3] Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. Sunnis are the majority while the Shias make up between 10-20%[4][3][5][2] of the total Muslim population of the country.Pakistan has the second largest number of Shias after Iran, which numbers between 17 million to as high as 30 million correspond to Vali Nasr. [6] Contents[hide] * 1 Umayyad onset of Sindh and the arrival of Islam * 2 Islam and the Pakistan Movement * 3 Politicized Islam * 4 Muslim sects in Pakistan * 5 Laws and customs * 6 Media and pilgrimages * 7 Islamic education * 8 See also * 9 Further reading * 10 References * 11 External links| [edit] Umayyad invasion of Sindh and the arrival of Islam Main article: Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinentThe Badshahi Masjid, literally the ‘Royal Mosque, was reinforced in 1674 by Aurangzeb. It is one of Lahores best known landmarks, and epitomizes the peach a nd grandeur of the Mughal era. Islam arrived in the area now known as Pakistan in 711 CE, when the Umayyad dynasty move a Muslim Arab force led by Muhammad bin Qasim against the ruler of Sindh, Raja Dahir, this was due to the fact that Raja Dahir had wedded refuge to numerous Zoroastrian Princes who had fled the Islamic conquest of Iran. Mohummad Bin Qasims army was defeated in his first thee attempts.The Muslim army conquered the northwestern part of Indus Valley from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea. The arrival of the Arab Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the stage for the religious boundaries of South Asia that would lead to the development of the modern state of Pakistan as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule which quickly spread across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region from 1526 until 1739.Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to Islamic Sultanate and Mughal Empire in South Asia and in the land that became Pakistan. [edit] Islam and the Pakistan Movement The Muslim poet-philosopher Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal first proposed the idea of a Muslim state in northwestern South Asia in his address to the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. His proposal referred to the four provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the northwest Frontier — essentially what would became Pakistan.Iqbals idea gave concrete form to two distinct nations in the South Asia based on religion (Islam and Hinduism) and with different historical backgrounds, social customs, cultures, and social mores. Islam was thus the basis for the creation and the amalgamation of a separate state. Allama Muhammad Iqbal in 1937, in a letter to Jinnah wrote, After a long and caref ul study of Islamic Law I have come to the conclusion that if this system of Law is in good order understood and applied, at last the right to subsistence is secured to every body.But the enforcement and development of the Shariat of Islam is impossible in this country without a free Muslim state or states. This has been my honest assurance for many eld and I still believe this to be the only way to solve the problem of bread for Muslims as well as to secure a peaceful India. [7] But just iii days before the creation of Pakistan, Mohammad Ali Jinnah make a different fealty. A commitment to secularism in Pakistan.In his inaugural address he said, You will find that in the course of time Hindus would vacate to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State. This statement of Jinnah is an object of great animosity since then and this vision of a Pakistan in which Islamic law would not be applied, contrary to Iqbals perception, was questioned shortly after independence. [edit] Politicized IslamFaisal Mosque in Islamabad, which is the largest mosque of Pakistan and is also one of the largest in the world, was built by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. From the outset, authorities and religion have been intertwined both conceptually and practically in Islam. Because Prophet Muhammad established a government in Medina, precedents of memorial tablet and taxation exist. Through the history of Islam, from the Ummayyad (661-750) and Abbasid empires (750-1258) to the Mughals (1526- 1858), Safavis (1501â€1722) and the Ottomans (1300-1923), religion and statehood have been treated as one.Indeed, one of the beliefs of Islam is that the purpose of the state is to provide an surroundings where Muslims can properly practice their religion. If a leader fails in this, the people have a right to depose him. In March 1949, the first constit uent assembly passed Objectives Resolution, which declared that the state of Pakistan will be submitted to the sovereignty of God. In 1950, thirty one Ulema passed a demand draft, called twenty Two Points of Ulema. This drafted demanded preparation of constitution according to Objectives Resolution. It also demanded changes in the law according to Shariah.In 1977, the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto outlawed alcohol and drugs and changed the weekend from Sunday to Friday, but no significant Islamic reform program was apply prior to General Zia-ul-Haqs Islamization program. Starting in February 1979, new penal measures based on Islamic principles of justice went into effect. These carried considerably greater implications for women than for men. A welfare and taxation system based on Zakat and a profit-and-loss banking system were also established in conformism with Islamic prohibitions against usury but were inadequate. edit] Muslim sects in Pakistan Further information: Secta rian violence in Pakistan and Shia Islam in Pakistan data Durbar in Lahore, Pakistan is the tomb of Ali Hajweri, eleventh century Sufi. People come each year to pay their respects, to say prayers and worship. The large heterogeneous also includes Jamia Hajweri, or Hajweri Mosque. According to the CIA World Factbook and Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, 95-97% of the total population of Pakistan is Muslim. [3] The majority of the Pakistani Muslims are Sunnis, while Shias are estimated 10-20%. 8] [4] [3] [5] [2] The Muslims belong to different schools which are called Madhahib (singular: Madhhab) i. e. , schools of jurisprudence (also ‘Maktab-e-Fikr (School of Thought) in Urdu). The Hanafi school of Sunnis includes the Barelvi and Deobandi schools. Although the grand majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to Ithna ‘ashariyah school, there are significant minorities: Nizari Ismailis (Agha Khanis) and the smaller Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra and Sulaimani Bohra branch es. The Salafi sect is represented by the Ahle Hadith movement in Pakistan.Many people on the Makran seacoast of Balochistan follow the Zikri sect of Islam. The two subsects of Sunni Hanafi school, Barelvis and Deobandis, have their own Masjids. The Shia Ithna ‘ashariyah school has its own Masjids unremarkably termed as Hussainias (Imambargahs). Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra and Sulaimani Bohra also have their own Masjids, while the Nizari Ismailis pray in Jamaat Khanas. The Ahmadiyya community, a minority group is also present. Ahmadis have been declared non-Muslims by the Government of Pakistan.In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended Constitution of Pakistan to define a Muslim â€Å"as a person who believes in finality of Prophet Muhammad”. [9] For this reason, Ahmadis are persecuted on behalf of their beliefs. Ahmadis believe in Muhammad as the best and the last law bearing prophet and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Christ of Muslims who was prophesied to come in the latte r days and unite the Muslims. Consequently they were declared non-Muslims by a tribunal, the records of which have not been released to date.According to the last Pakistan census, Ahmadis do up 0. 25% of the population. However the website adherents. com[10] proposes that the Ahmadiyya Muslim community made up 1. 42% of the population; which is likely to be a less biased source. The Economist puts the figure of Ahmadiyya adherents to 4 million. The Ahmadis claim their community is even larger. Sufism has a strong tradition in Pakistan. The Muslim Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting the millions of ingrained people to Islam.As in other areas where Sufis introduced it, Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world. The Naqshbandiya, Qadiriya, Chishtiya and Suhrawardiyya silsas have a a large following in Pakistan. Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention ar e Data Ganj Baksh (Ali Hajweri) in Lahore (ca. eleventh century), Baha-ud-din Zakariya in Multan and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan (ca. 12th century) and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai in Bhit, Sindh and Rehman Baba in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. edit] Laws and customs There is no law in Pakistan enforcing hijab and corroding of Hijab by Pakistani women is fairly uncommon. However, the practice of wearing Hijab among younger women in urban centers is easily growing due to media influence from the affection East and Persian Gulf countries. The episodes of sectarian violence have significantly rock-bottom in frequency over the years due to the conflictual engagement of the Islamic belligerent organizations with the states armed forces and intelligence agencies. [edit] Media and pilgrimagesMedia and pilgrimages has influenced Pakistani Muslims to catch out more about Islam as a result the local heterodox beliefs and practices are being replaced with orthodox beliefs from Quran and Sunnah. The flash travel, simpler visa rules and direct air travel to Saudi Arabia has resulted in large number Pakistani Muslims going to Medina and Mecca for Haj and Umrah. This has helped to add Pan-Islamic identity of Pakistani Muslims. The Muslim print media has always existed in Pakistan which included newspapers, books and magazines.The Muslim satellite channels are widely available and are watched by Pakistani population. [edit] Islamic education The Study of Islam as a subject is compulsory for all Muslim students up to Matriculation or Olevels in all schools in Pakistan. Islamic education to the masses is also propagated in general by Islamic schools and literature. Islamic schools (or Madrassas) mostly cater to the youth from impoverished social backgrounds and those learning to be Islamic clerics. More casual and even research orient material is available in the form of books.While the most prominent of these schools are being monitored, the latter are being ‘moderated by both the government and some of the scholars, thereby also removing in the process the various material present in it that is apply by Anti-Islam/Anti-Sunni writers. Oldest and universally accepted titles such as the Sahih Bukhari have been revised into ‘summarised editions and some of the old, complete titles, translated to Urdu, the national language, are not available for purchase now. These changes are also a herald to new outbreaks of religious controversy in the region.\r\n'